A situation report was a type of report that had information on a current event, similar to a status report.
In 2364, when the terraformer Arthur Malencon was critically injured by a laser drill, Captain Jean-Luc Picard requested a status report from Commander William T. Riker, who told him that they were shutting off power to the hydraulics room where the laser was kept and then they would beam Malencon to sickbay, though the situation was "probably hopeless" due to Malencon's wounds. (TNG: "Home Soil")
That same year, when the USS Enterprise-D was evacuated due to a ruse created by the Bynars, Picard contacted the bridge to request a situation report, but there were no personnel remaining to reply. (TNG: "11001001")
Later, Picard asked Ensign Lian T'Su for a situation report on the energy readings from the planet Minos. (TNG: "The Arsenal of Freedom")
In 2372, Captain Benjamin Sisko prepared a situation report on Martok's Klingon task force for Lieutenant Commander Worf. (DS9: "The Way of the Warrior")