Israel was a country in the Middle East on Earth. The settlement of Jerusalem and the military fortification called the Walls of Jericho were located in Israel.
In 2032, Israel took part in the Ares IV mission. (VOY: "One Small Step")
The Israeli flag could be seen on the Ares IV model amongst others.
In 2143, the Israeli flag and Ilan Ramon's name were displayed on the space shuttle orbiter mission insignia for STS-107 in the 602 Club. (ENT: "First Flight")
Israel was a member of the International Space Agency in the early 21st century according to the Star Trek Fact Files.
The Israeli Defense Forces were mentioned in the Star Trek: Starfleet Academy novel The Delta Anomaly as having developed the fighting discipline Krav Maga (β) which was taught at Starfleet Academy.