Memory Alpha
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Memory Alpha

In starship classification, an explorer is a multi-role starship, equipped with a wide variety of tactical, scientific and diplomatic capabilities. Vessels of this type are similar to heavy cruisers in that they carry considerable defenses, and are intended to perform long-duration missions, lasting numerous Earth years.

The Galaxy class is an example of this type of ship.

The "explorer" type is derived from the original designs, graphics and technical drawings of the Enterprise-D by Andrew Probert, Rick Sternbach and Michael Okuda. More information aboutthe explorer designation exists in the Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual.
This designation was mentioned in the script of TNG: "Yesterday's Enterprise", noting that the alternate timeline Enterprise-D differed from the familiar explorer-type ship.
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