Real world article
(written from a Production point of view)
(written from a Production point of view)
For in-universe theatrical directors, please see director (drama).
For the person responsible for an organization, please see director.
Lists of directors of all the Star Trek series and films.
- TOS directors
- TAS directors
- Film directors
- TNG directors
- DS9 directors
- VOY directors
- ENT directors
- DIS directors
- ST directors
- PIC directors
- LD directors
- SNW directors
- Cast members who directed
Directors of multiple series[]
The following directors worked across the franchise in more than one Star Trek series or in both television and film:
- TNG, DS9, VOY, Films, DIS, and PIC
- Jonathan Frakes
- TNG: "The Offspring" (TNG Season 3)
- TNG: "Reunion" (TNG Season 4)
- TNG: "The Drumhead"
- TNG: "Cause And Effect" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "The Quality of Life" (TNG Season 6)
- TNG: "The Chase"
- TNG: "Attached" (TNG Season 7)
- TNG: "Sub Rosa"
- DS9: "The Search, Part II" (DS9 Season 3)
- DS9: "Meridian"
- DS9: "Past Tense, Part II"
- VOY: "Projections" (VOY Season 2)
- VOY: "Parturition"
- VOY: "Prototype"
- Star Trek: First Contact
- Star Trek: Insurrection
- DIS: "Despite Yourself" (DIS Season 1)
- DIS: "New Eden" (DIS Season 2)
- DIS: "Project Daedalus"
- PIC: "Absolute Candor" (PIC Season 1)
- PIC: "Stardust City Rag"
- Jonathan Frakes
- TNG, DS9, VOY, and ENT
- LeVar Burton
- TNG: "Second Chances" (TNG Season 6)
- TNG: "The Pegasus" (TNG Season 7)
- VOY: "Ex Post Facto" (VOY Season 1)
- DS9: "The Sword of Kahless" (DS9 Season 4)
- VOY: "Dreadnought" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "Bar Association" (DS9 Season 4)
- DS9: "To the Death"
- DS9: "Things Past" (DS9 Season 5)
- DS9: "Soldiers of the Empire"
- DS9: "Behind the Lines"
- VOY: "The Raven" (VOY Season 4)
- DS9: "Resurrection" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "Timeless" (VOY Season 5)
- DS9: "The Emperor's New Cloak" (DS9 Season 7)
- VOY: "Live Fast and Prosper" (VOY Season 6)
- VOY: "Nightingale" (VOY Season 7)
- VOY: "Q2"
- VOY: "Homestead"
- ENT: "Terra Nova" (ENT Season 1)
- ENT: "Fortunate Son"
- ENT: "Cogenitor" (ENT Season 2)
- ENT: "First Flight"
- ENT: "Extinction" (ENT Season 3)
- ENT: "Similitude"
- ENT: "The Forgotten"
- ENT: "The Augments" (ENT Season 4)
- ENT: "Demons"
- James L. Conway
- TNG: "Justice" (TNG Season 1)
- TNG: "The Neutral Zone"
- TNG: "Frame of Mind" (TNG Season 6)
- DS9: "Duet" (DS9 Season 1)
- DS9: "Necessary Evil" (DS9 Season 2)
- VOY: "The 37's" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "The Way of the Warrior" (DS9 Season 4)
- VOY: "Persistence of Vision" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "Little Green Men" (DS9 Season 4)
- VOY: "Death Wish" (VOY Season 2)
- VOY: "Innocence"
- DS9: "Shattered Mirror" (DS9 Season 4)
- DS9: "For the Cause"
- DS9: "Apocalypse Rising" (DS9 Season 5)
- ENT: "Broken Bow" (ENT Season 1)
- ENT: "Judgment" (ENT Season 2)
- ENT: "Damage" (ENT Season 3)
- ENT: "In a Mirror, Darkly" (ENT Season 4)
- Winrich Kolbe
- TNG: "Where Silence Has Lease" (TNG Season 2)
- TNG: "Pen Pals"
- TNG: "Up The Long Ladder"
- TNG: "Evolution" (TNG Season 3)
- TNG: "The Bonding"
- TNG: "Allegiance"
- TNG: "Galaxy's Child" (TNG Season 4)
- TNG: "Identity Crisis"
- TNG: "Darmok" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "The Masterpiece Society"
- TNG: "Cost Of Living"
- TNG: "Man Of The People" (TNG Season 6)
- TNG: "Birthright, Part I"
- DS9: "Vortex" (DS9 Season 1)
- TNG: "Rightful Heir" (TNG Season 6)
- DS9: "The Homecoming" (DS9 Season 2)
- DS9: "The Siege"
- DS9: "Armageddon Game"
- TNG: "Thine Own Self" (TNG Season 7)
- TNG: "All Good Things..."
- VOY: "Caretaker" (VOY Season 1)
- VOY: "Phage"
- VOY: "Eye of the Needle"
- DS9: "Through the Looking Glass" (DS9 Season 3)
- VOY: "Faces" (VOY Season 1)
- VOY: "Initiations" (VOY Season 2)
- VOY: "Elogium"
- DS9: "Our Man Bashir" (DS9 Season 4)
- VOY: "Resistance" (VOY Season 2)
- VOY: "Basics, Part I"
- VOY: "Basics, Part II" (VOY Season 3)
- VOY: "Remember"
- VOY: "Scorpion, Part II" (VOY Season 4)
- VOY: "Hope and Fear"
- DS9: "The Sound of Her Voice" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "Thirty Days" (VOY Season 5)
- VOY: "The Fight"
- VOY: "Dragon's Teeth" (VOY Season 6)
- VOY: "Good Shepherd"
- VOY: "Drive" (VOY Season 7)
- VOY: "Repression"
- ENT: "Silent Enemy" (ENT Season 1)
- Les Landau
- TNG: "Code of Honor" (uncredited) (TNG Season 1)
- TNG: "The Arsenal of Freedom"
- TNG: "The Schizoid Man" (TNG Season 2)
- TNG: "Samaritan Snare"
- TNG: "The Survivors" (TNG Season 3)
- TNG: "Deja Q"
- TNG: "Sins of The Father"
- TNG: "Sarek"
- TNG: "Family" (TNG Season 4)
- TNG: "Future Imperfect"
- TNG: "Clues"
- TNG: "Night Terrors"
- TNG: "Half a Life"
- TNG: "Ensign Ro" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "Unification I"
- TNG: "Conundrum"
- TNG: "Time's Arrow"
- TNG: "Time's Arrow, Part II" (TNG Season 6)
- TNG: "Chain Of Command, Part II"
- TNG: "Tapestry"
- DS9: "Progress" (DS9 Season 1)
- DS9: "Invasive Procedures" (DS9 Season 2)
- TNG: "Dark Page" (TNG Season 7)
- DS9: "Whispers" (DS9 Season 2)
- VOY: "Time and Again" (VOY Season 1)
- VOY: "Prime Factors"
- VOY: "Heroes and Demons"
- VOY: "Alliances" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "Crossfire" (DS9 Season 4)
- VOY: "Investigations" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "Broken Link" (DS9 Season 4)
- VOY: "The Chute" (VOY Season 3)
- DS9: "Image in the Sand" (DS9 Season 7)
- DS9: "Afterimage"
- VOY: "Drone" (VOY Season 5)
- VOY: "Counterpoint"
- VOY: "Virtuoso" (VOY Season 6)
- ENT: "Sleeping Dogs" (ENT Season 1)
- David Livingston
- TNG: "The Mind's Eye"
- TNG: "Power Play"
- DS9: "The Nagus"
- DS9: "The Storyteller"
- DS9: "In the Hands of the Prophets"
- DS9: "Rules of Acquisition" (DS9 Season 2)
- DS9: "Rivals"
- DS9: "Playing God"
- DS9: "The Maquis, Part I"
- DS9: "Crossover"
- VOY: "The Cloud" (VOY Season 1)
- VOY: "Emanations"
- DS9: "The Die is Cast" (DS9 Season 3)
- VOY: "Learning Curve" (VOY Season 1)
- VOY: "Non Sequitur" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "The Visitor" (DS9 Season 4)
- VOY: "Maneuvers" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "Homefront" (DS9 Season 4)
- DS9: "Sons of Mogh"
- VOY: "Deadlock" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "The Muse" (DS9 Season 4)
- VOY: "Flashback" (VOY Season 3)
- VOY: "Future's End"
- VOY: "Warlord"
- DS9: "Doctor Bashir, I Presume" (DS9 Season 5)
- VOY: "Distant Origin" (VOY Season 3)
- VOY: "Scorpion"
- VOY: "Scientific Method" (VOY Season 4)
- DS9: "You Are Cordially Invited" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "Hunters" (VOY Season 4)
- DS9: "Change of Heart" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "The Killing Game" (VOY Season 4)
- VOY: "Night" (VOY Season 5)
- VOY: "In the Flesh"
- VOY: "Infinite Regress"
- VOY: "Nothing Human"
- VOY: "The Disease"
- DS9: "Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges" (DS9 Season 7)
- VOY: "11:59" (VOY Season 5)
- VOY: "Equinox"
- VOY: "Equinox, Part II" (VOY Season 6)
- VOY: "Alice"
- VOY: "Spirit Folk"
- VOY: "The Haunting of Deck Twelve"
- VOY: "Imperfection" (VOY Season 7)
- VOY: "Flesh and Blood"
- VOY: "Author, Author"
- ENT: "Strange New World" (ENT Season 1)
- ENT: "Shuttlepod One"
- ENT: "Detained"
- ENT: "The Seventh" (ENT Season 2)
- ENT: "Precious Cargo"
- ENT: "Stigma"
- ENT: "The Crossing"
- ENT: "Regeneration"
- ENT: "Impulse" (ENT Season 3)
- ENT: "Proving Ground"
- ENT: "Harbinger"
- ENT: "The Council"
- ENT: "Borderland" (ENT Season 4)
- ENT: "Kir'Shara"
- ENT: "United"
- Mike Vejar
- TNG: "Coming of Age" (TNG Season 1)
- DS9: "The Darkness and the Light" (DS9 Season 5)
- DS9: "Empok Nor"
- DS9: "Rocks and Shoals" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "Year of Hell, Part II" (VOY Season 4)
- DS9: "Valiant" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "Latent Image" (VOY Season 5)
- DS9: "Badda-Bing, Badda-Bang" (DS9 Season 7)
- DS9: "The Changing Face of Evil"
- DS9: "Tacking Into the Wind"
- VOY: "Barge of the Dead" (VOY Season 6)
- VOY: "Pathfinder"
- VOY: "Tsunkatse"
- VOY: "Child's Play"
- VOY: "Muse"
- VOY: "Unimatrix Zero, Part II" (VOY Season 7)
- VOY: "Flesh and Blood"
- VOY: "Repentance"
- VOY: "The Void"
- VOY: "Friendship One"
- VOY: "Renaissance Man"
- ENT: "Unexpected" (ENT Season 1)
- ENT: "Civilization"
- ENT: "Shadows of P'Jem"
- ENT: "Marauders" (ENT Season 2)
- ENT: "The Catwalk"
- ENT: "Rajiin" (ENT Season 3)
- ENT: "Carpenter Street"
- ENT: "Stratagem"
- ENT: "Cold Station 12" (ENT Season 4)
- ENT: "Observer Effect"
- ENT: "The Aenar"
- LeVar Burton
- TNG, DS9, and Films:
- David Carson
- TNG: "The Enemy" (TNG Season 3)
- TNG: "Yesterday's Enterprise"
- TNG: "Redemption II" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "The Next Phase"
- DS9: "Emissary" (DS9 Season 1)
- DS9: "Dax"
- DS9: "Move Along Home"
- DS9: "The Alternate" (DS9 Season 2)
- Star Trek Generations
- David Carson
- TNG, DS9, and VOY:
- Gabrielle Beaumont
- TNG: "Booby Trap" (TNG Season 3)
- TNG: "The High Ground"
- TNG: "Suddenly Human" (TNG Season 4)
- TNG: "Disaster" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "Imaginary Friend"
- TNG: "Face Of The Enemy" (TNG Season 6)
- TNG: "Lower Decks" (TNG Season 7)
- DS9: "In Purgatory's Shadow" (DS9 Season 5)
- VOY: "Blink of an Eye" (VOY Season 6)
- Cliff Bole
- TNG: "Lonely Among Us" (TNG Season 1)
- TNG: "Hide And Q"
- TNG: "Conspiracy"
- TNG: "The Royale" (TNG Season 2)
- TNG: "The Emissary"
- TNG: "The Ensigns of Command" (TNG Season 3)
- TNG: "The Hunted"
- TNG: "A Matter of Perspective"
- TNG: "Hollow Pursuits"
- TNG: "The Best of Both Worlds"
- TNG: "The Best of Both Worlds, Part II" (TNG Season 4)
- TNG: "Remember Me"
- TNG: "First Contact"
- TNG: "Qpid"
- TNG: "Redemption"
- TNG: "Silicon Avatar" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "Unification II"
- TNG: "The Perfect Mate"
- TNG: "Realm Of Fear" (TNG Season 6)
- TNG: "Aquiel"
- TNG: "Starship Mine"
- TNG: "Suspicions"
- DS9: "Dramatis Personae" (DS9 Season 1)
- TNG: "Liaisons" (TNG Season 7)
- DS9: "Cardassians" (DS9 Season 2)
- TNG: "Eye of the Beholder" (TNG Season 7)
- TNG: "Emergence"
- DS9: "The Collaborator" (DS9 Season 2)
- DS9: "Equilibrium" (DS9 Season 3)
- DS9: "Defiant"
- DS9: "Explorers"
- DS9: "Facets"
- VOY: "Cold Fire" (VOY Season 2)
- VOY: "Meld"
- VOY: "Lifesigns"
- VOY: "Tuvix"
- VOY: "False Profits" (VOY Season 3)
- VOY: "Future's End, Part II"
- VOY: "The Q and the Grey"
- VOY: "Extreme Risk" (VOY Season 5)
- VOY: "Bliss"
- VOY: "Dark Frontier"
- Robert Scheerer
- TNG: "The Measure Of A Man" (TNG Season 2)
- TNG: "Peak Performance"
- TNG: "The Price" (TNG Season 3)
- TNG: "The Defector"
- TNG: "Tin Man"
- TNG: "Legacy" (TNG Season 4)
- TNG: "New Ground" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "The Outcast"
- TNG: "True Q" (TNG Season 6)
- TNG: "Chain Of Command, Part I"
- TNG: "Inheritance" (TNG Season 7)
- DS9: "Shadowplay" (DS9 Season 2)
- VOY: "State of Flux" (VOY Season 1)
- VOY: "Rise" (VOY Season 3)
- Alexander Singer
- TNG: "Relics" (TNG Season 6)
- TNG: "Ship In A Bottle"
- TNG: "Descent"
- TNG: "Descent, Part II" (TNG Season 7)
- TNG: "Gambit, Part II"
- DS9: "Second Sight" (DS9 Season 2)
- TNG: "Homeward" (TNG Season 7)
- DS9: "Heart of Stone" (DS9 Season 3)
- DS9: "Distant Voices"
- DS9: "The Adversary"
- VOY: "Tattoo" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "Starship Down" (DS9 Season 4)
- DS9: "Hard Time"
- VOY: "Threshold" (VOY Season 2)
- VOY: "Resolutions"
- VOY: "The Swarm" (VOY Season 3)
- VOY: "Macrocosm"
- VOY: "Darkling"
- VOY: "Worst Case Scenario"
- VOY: "Nemesis" (VOY Season 4)
- VOY: "Random Thoughts"
- VOY: "Waking Moments"
- Gabrielle Beaumont
- TNG, VOY, and ENT
- Marvin V. Rush
- TNG: "The Host" (TNG Season 4)
- VOY: "The Thaw" (VOY Season 2)
- VOY: "Favorite Son" (VOY Season 3)
- ENT: "In a Mirror, Darkly, Part II" (ENT Season 4)
- ENT: "Terra Prime"
- Marvin V. Rush
- DS9, VOY, and ENT
- Allan Kroeker
- DS9: "The Assignment" (DS9 Season 5)
- DS9: "The Ascent"
- VOY: "Before and After" (VOY Season 3)
- DS9: "Children of Time" (DS9 Season 5)
- VOY: "Displaced" (VOY Season 3)
- DS9: "Call to Arms" (DS9 Season 5)
- DS9: "A Time to Stand" (DS9 Season 6)
- DS9: "Sacrifice of Angels"
- VOY: "Year of Hell" (VOY Season 4)
- VOY: "Mortal Coil"
- DS9: "One Little Ship" (DS9 Season 6)
- DS9: "His Way"
- DS9: "Time's Orphan"
- DS9: "Tears of the Prophets"
- DS9: "Shadows and Symbols" (DS9 Season 7)
- DS9: "Once More Unto the Breach"
- VOY: "Bride of Chaotica!" (VOY Season 5)
- VOY: "Juggernaut"
- DS9: "What You Leave Behind" (DS9 Season 7)
- VOY: "Fair Haven" (VOY Season 6)
- VOY: "Memorial"
- VOY: "Unimatrix Zero"
- VOY: "Inside Man" (VOY Season 7)
- VOY: "Workforce"
- VOY: "Human Error"
- VOY: "Endgame"
- ENT: "Fight or Flight" (ENT Season 1)
- ENT: "Rogue Planet"
- ENT: "Shockwave"
- ENT: "Shockwave, Part II" (ENT Season 2)
- ENT: "Canamar"
- ENT: "The Expanse"
- ENT: "The Xindi" (ENT Season 3)
- ENT: "Azati Prime"
- ENT: "Zero Hour"
- ENT: "Storm Front" (ENT Season 4)
- ENT: "Home"
- ENT: "Bound"
- ENT: "These Are the Voyages..."
- Allan Kroeker
- TNG and DS9:
- Corey Allen
- TNG: "Encounter at Farpoint" (TNG Season 1)
- TNG: "Home Soil"
- TNG: "Final Mission" (TNG Season 4)
- TNG: "The Game" (TNG Season 5)
- DS9: "Captive Pursuit" (DS9 Season 1)
- DS9: "The Circle" (DS9 Season 2)
- DS9: "Paradise"
- TNG: "Journey's End" (TNG Season 7)
- DS9: "The Maquis, Part II" (DS9 Season 2)
- Chip Chalmers
- TNG: "Captain's Holiday" (TNG Season 3)
- TNG: "The Loss" (TNG Season 4)
- TNG: "The Wounded"
- TNG: "Ethics" (TNG Season 5)
- DS9: "The Magnificent Ferengi" (DS9 Season 6)
- DS9: "Take Me Out to the Holosuite" (DS9 Season 7)
- Robert Legato
- Paul Lynch
- TNG: "The Naked Now" (TNG Season 1)
- TNG: "11001001"
- TNG: "Unnatural Selection" (TNG Season 2)
- TNG: "A Matter Of Time" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "The First Duty"
- DS9: "A Man Alone" (DS9 Season 1)
- DS9: "Babel"
- DS9: "Q-Less"
- DS9: "The Passenger"
- DS9: "Battle Lines"
- Jonathan West
- TNG: "Firstborn" (TNG Season 7)
- TNG: "Bloodlines"
- DS9: "Shakaar" (DS9 Season 4)
- DS9: "Return to Grace"
- DS9: "Trials and Tribble-ations" (DS9 Season 5)
- DS9: "Rapture"
- DS9: "Wrongs Darker Than Death or Night" (DS9 Season 6)
- DS9: "Chrysalis" (DS9 Season 7)
- Robert Wiemer
- TNG: "Who Watches The Watchers" (TNG Season 3)
- TNG: "Data's Day" (TNG Season 4)
- TNG: "Violations" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "Schisms" (TNG Season 6)
- TNG: "Lessons"
- TNG: "Interface" (TNG Season 7)
- TNG: "Parallels"
- TNG: "Masks"
- DS9: "Profit and Loss" (DS9 Season 2)
- Corey Allen
- TNG and VOY:
- Peter Lauritson
- TNG: "The Inner Light" (TNG Season 5)
- TNG: "Gambit, Part I" (TNG Season 7)
- VOY: "Lineage" (VOY Season 7)
- Peter Lauritson
- DS9 and VOY:
- Allan Eastman
- VOY: "Prey" (VOY Season 4)
- DS9: "Honor Among Thieves" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "Relativity" (VOY Season 5)
- Kim Friedman
- DS9: "The Wire" (DS9 Season 2)
- DS9: "Crossover"
- DS9: "The Jem'Hadar"
- DS9: "The Search, Part I" (DS9 Season 3)
- VOY: "Parallax" (VOY Season 1)
- VOY: "Cathexis"
- VOY: "Jetrel"
- VOY: "Twisted" (VOY Season 2)
- DS9: "The Ship" (DS9 Season 5)
- DS9: "Nor the Battle to the Strong"
- DS9: "Blaze of Glory"
- John Kretchmer
- DS9: "A Simple Investigation" (DS9 Season 5)
- DS9: "Covenant" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "Once Upon a Time" (VOY Season 5)
- VOY: "Warhead"
- Victor Lobl
- Andrew Robinson
- Jesús Salvador Treviño
- VOY: "Fair Trade" (VOY Season 3)
- DS9: "The Begotten" (DS9 Season 5)
- VOY: "Day of Honor" (VOY Season 4)
- DS9: "Sons and Daughters" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "Concerning Flight" (VOY Season 4)
- VOY: "Retrospect"
- VOY: "Vis à Vis"
- DS9: "The Reckoning" (DS9 Season 6)
- Anson Williams
- VOY: "Real Life" (VOY Season 3)
- VOY: "The Gift" (VOY Season 4)
- DS9: "Statistical Probabilities" (DS9 Season 6)
- VOY: "Demon" (VOY Season 4)
- DS9: "It's Only a Paper Moon" (DS9 Season 7)
- VOY: "Course: Oblivion" (VOY Season 5)
- Allan Eastman
- DS9 and ENT:
- VOY and ENT:
- Roxann Dawson
- VOY: "Riddles" (VOY Season 6)
- VOY: "Workforce, Part II" (VOY Season 7)
- ENT: "The Andorian Incident" (ENT Season 1)
- ENT: "Vox Sola"
- ENT: "Dead Stop" (ENT Season 2)
- ENT: "Dawn"
- ENT: "Bounty"
- ENT: "Exile" (ENT Season 3)
- ENT: "Chosen Realm"
- ENT: "Doctor's Orders"
- ENT: "E²"
- ENT: "Awakening" (ENT Season 4)
- Robert Duncan McNeill
- VOY: "Sacred Ground" (VOY Season 3)
- VOY: "Unity"
- VOY: "Someone to Watch Over Me" (VOY Season 5)
- VOY: "Body and Soul" (VOY Season 7)
- ENT: "Cold Front" (ENT Season 1)
- ENT: "The Breach" (ENT Season 2)
- ENT: "Twilight" (ENT Season 3)
- ENT: "Countdown"
- Terry Windell
- VOY: "Gravity" (VOY Season 5)
- VOY: "Dark Frontier"
- VOY: "Survival Instinct" (VOY Season 6)
- VOY: "The Voyager Conspiracy"
- VOY: "Ashes to Ashes"
- VOY: "Life Line"
- VOY: "Critical Care" (VOY Season 7)
- VOY: "Shattered"
- VOY: "Prophecy"
- VOY: "Natural Law"
- ENT: "Breaking the Ice" (ENT Season 1)
- Roxann Dawson
- ENT and DIS:
- DIS and ST:
- DIS, ST, and PIC:
- Douglas Aarniokoski
- DIS: "Lethe" (DIS Season 1)
- ST: "The Brightest Star" (ST Season 1)
- DIS: "The Sound of Thunder" (DIS Season 2)
- PIC: "Nepenthe" (PIC Season 1)
- Maja Vrvilo
- ST: "Runaway" (ST Season 1)
- DIS: "Perpetual Infinity" (DIS Season 2)
- PIC: "The Impossible Box" (PIC Season 1)
- PIC: "Broken Pieces"
- Douglas Aarniokoski
- DIS and PIC: